Manage v2 functions deployment and runtime options

You can deploy, delete, and modify functions using Firebase CLI commands or by setting runtime options in your functions source code.

Note: Cloud Functions for Firebase v2 is a public preview. This means that the functionality might change in backward-incompatible ways. A preview release is not subject to any SLA or deprecation policy and may receive limited or no support.

Deploy functions

To deploy functions, run this Firebase CLI command:

$ firebase deploy --only functions

By default, the Firebase CLI deploys all of the functions inside index.js at the same time. If your project contains more than 5 functions, we recommend that you use the --only flag with specific function names to deploy only the functions that you've edited. Deploying specific functions this way speeds up the deployment process and helps you avoid running into deployment quotas. For example:

$ firebase deploy --only functions:addMessage,functions:makeUppercase

When deploying large numbers of functions, you may exceed the standard quota and receive HTTP 429 or 500 error messages. To solve this, deploy functions in groups of 10 or fewer.

See the Firebase CLI reference for the full list of available commands.

Caution: New HTTP and HTTP callable functions deployed with any Firebase CLI lower than version 7.7.0 are private by default and throw HTTP 403 errors when invoked. Either explicitly make these functions public or update your Firebase CLI before you deploy any new functions.

By default, the Firebase CLI looks in the functions/ folder for the source code. If you prefer, you can organize functions in codebases or multiple sets of files.

Delete functions

You can delete previously deployed functions in these ways:

• explicitly in the Firebase CLI with functions:delete
• explicitly using the context menu in the functions list in the Firebase console
• implictly by removing the function from index.js prior to deployment.

All deletion operations prompt you to confirm before removing the function from production.

Explicit function deletion in the Firebase CLI supports multiple arguments as well as functions groups, and allows you to specify a function running in a particular region. Also, you can override the confirmation prompt.

# Delete all functions that match the specified name in all regions.
$ firebase functions:delete myfunction

# Delete a specified function running in a specific region.
$ firebase functions:delete myfunction --region us-east-1

# Delete more than one function
$ firebase functions:delete myfunction myotherfunction

# Delete a specified functions group.
$ firebase functions:delete groupA

# Bypass the confirmation prompt.
$ firebase functions:delete myfunction --force

With implicit function deletion, firebase deploy parses index.js and removes from production any functions that have been removed from the file.

Modify a function's name, region or trigger

If you are renaming or changing the regions or trigger for functions that are handling production traffic, follow the steps in this section to avoid losing events during modification. Before you follow these steps, first ensure that your function is idempotent, since both the new version and the old version of your function will be running at the same time during the change.

Rename a function

To rename a function, create a new renamed version of the function in index.js and then run two separate deployment commands. The first command deploys the newly named function, and the second command removes the previously deployed version. For example, if you have a function called webhook that you'd like to change to webhookNew, revise the code as follows:

// before
const {onRequest} = require('firebase-functions/v2/https');

exports.webhook = onRequest((req, res) => {
    res.send("Hello");
});

// after
const {onRequest} = require('firebase-functions/v2/https');

exports.webhooknew = onRequest((req, res) => {
    res.send("Hello");
});

Then run the following commands to deploy the new function:

# Deploy new function called webhookNew
$ firebase deploy --only functions:webhooknew

# Wait until deployment is done; now both webhooknew and webhook are running

# Delete webhook
$ firebase functions:delete webhook

Change a function's region or regions

If you are changing the specified regions for a function that's handling production traffic, you can prevent event loss by performing these steps in order:

1. Rename the function, and change its region or regions as desired.
2. Deploy the renamed function, which results in temporarily running the same code in both sets of regions.
3. Delete the previous function.

For example, if you have a function called webhook that is currently in the default functions region of us-central1, and you want to migrate it to asia-northeast1, you need to first modify your source code to rename the function and revise the region.

// before
const {onRequest} = require('firebase-functions/v2/https');

exports.webhook = onRequest((req, res) => {
    res.send("Hello");
});

// after
const {onRequest} = require('firebase-functions/v2/https');

exports.webhookasia = onRequest({
        region: 'asia-northeast1'
    }, (req, res) => {
    res.send("Hello");
});

Then deploy by running:

$ firebase deploy --only functions:webhookAsia

Now there are two identical functions running: webhook is running in us-central1, and webhookasia is running in asia-northeast1.

Then, delete webhook:

$ firebase functions:delete webhook

Now there is only one function - webhookasia, which is running in asia-northeast1.

Change a function's trigger type

As you develop your Cloud Functions for Firebase deployment over time, you may need to change a function's trigger type for various reasons. For example, you might want to:

• Change from the legacy storage onChange event to onFinalize, onDelete, onArchive, and onMetadataUpdate. (Learn more about this in the beta to v1 or v2 upgrade guide).
• Change from one type of Firebase Realtime Database or Cloud Firestore event to another one, such as the generic onWrite event to the granular onCreate event.

It is not possible to change a function's event type by just changing the source code and running firebase deploy. To avoid errors, change a function's trigger type by this procedure:

1. Modify the source code to include a new function with the desired trigger type.
2. Deploy the function, which results in temporarily running both the old and new functions.
3. Explicitly delete the old function from production using the Firebase CLI.

For instance, if you had a function objectchanged that has the legacy onMetadataUpdated event type, and you'd like to change it to onObjectFinalized, first rename the function and edit it to have the onObjectFinalized event type.

// before
const {onMetadataUpdated} = require('firebase-functions/v2/storage');

exports.objectchanged = onMetadataUpdated((event) => {
    return console.log('File name is: ', event.data.name);
});

// after
const {onObjectFinalized} = require('firebase-functions/v2/storage');

exports.objectchanged = onObjectFinalized((event) => {
    return console.log('File name is: ', event.data.name);
});

Then run the following commands to create the new function first, before deleting the old function:

# Create new function objectFinalized
$ firebase deploy --only functions:objectFinalized

# Wait until deployment is done; now both objectChanged and objectFinalized are running

# Delete objectChanged
$ firebase functions:delete objectChanged

Set runtime options

Cloud Functions for Firebase lets you select runtime options such as the Node.js runtime version and per-function timeout, memory allocation, and minimum/maximum function instances.

Set Node.js version

Firebase SDK for Cloud Functions v2 allows a selection of Node.js runtime. You can choose to run all functions in a project exclusively on the runtime environment corresponding to one of these supported Node.js versions:

• Node.js 16
• Node.js 14
• Node.js 12
• Node.js 10

To set the Node.js version:

Set the version in the engines field in the package.json file that was created in your functions/ directory during initialization. For example, to use only version 16, edit this line in package.json:

  "engines": {"node": "16"}

The engines field is required; it must specify one of the supported Node.js versions in order for you to deploy and run functions. Currently firebase init functions sets this field to 16.

Upgrade your Node.js runtime

To upgrade your Node.js runtime:

1. Make sure your project is on the Blaze pricing plan.
2. Make sure you are using Firebase CLI v9.17.0 or later.
3. Change the engines value in the package.json file that was created in your functions/ directory during initialization. For example, if you are upgrading from version 10 to version 16, the entry should look like this: "engines": {"node": "16"}
4. Redeploy functions using the Firebase CLI v9.17.0 or later.

Control scaling behavior

By default, Cloud Functions for Firebase scales the number of running instances based on the number of incoming requests, potentially scaling down to zero instances in times of reduced traffic. However, if your app requires reduced latency and you want to limit the number of cold starts, you can change this default behavior by specifying a minimum number of container instances to be kept warm and ready to serve requests.

Similarly, you can set a maximum number to limit the scaling of instances in response to incoming requests. Use this setting as a way to control your costs or to limit the number of connections to a backing service such as to a database.

Using these settings together with the per-instance concurrency setting (new in v2), you can control and tune the scaling behavior for your functions. The nature of your application and function will determine which settings are most cost effective and will result in the best performance.

For some apps with low traffic, a lower CPU option without multi-concurrency is optimal. For others where cold starts are a critical issue, setting high concurrency and minimum instances means that a set of instances are always kept warm to handle large spikes in traffic.

For smaller-scale apps that receive very little traffic, setting low maximum instances with high concurrency means that the app can handle bursts of traffic without incurring excessive costs.

Caution: Cold starts have not yet been optimized in v2, and temporarily may be significantly slower than in v1. However, end users should experience fewer cold starts overall thanks to concurrency.

Allow concurrent requests

In Cloud Functions v1, each instance could handle one request at a time, so scaling behavior was set only with minInstances and maxInstances settings. In addition to controlling the number of instances, in Cloud Functions v2 you can control the number of requests each instance can serve at the same time with the concurrency option. The default value for concurrency is 80, but you can set it to any integer between 1 and 1000.

Functions with higher concurrency settings can absorb spikes of traffic without cold starting because each instance likely has some headroom. If an instance is configured to handle up to 50 concurrent requests but is currently handling only 25, it can handle a spike of 25 additional requests without requiring a new instance to cold start. By contrast, with a concurrency setting of just 1, that spike in requests could lead to 25 cold starts.

Important: Concurrency is available only to functions with at least 1 full CPU. Setting a function's CPU to a fractional value or setting CPU to gcf_gen1 for a function with less than 2GB RAM will disable concurrency. See Override CPU defaults.

When experimenting with higher concurrency settings in Cloud Functions v2, keep the following in mind:

• Higher concurrrency settings may require higher CPU and RAM for optimal performance until reaching a practical limit. A function that does heavy image or video processing, for example, might lack the resources to handle 1000 concurrent requests, even when its CPU and RAM settings are maximized.
• Since Cloud Functions v2 is powered by Cloud Run, you can refer also to Google Cloud guidance for optimizing concurrency.
• Make sure to test multiconcurrency thoroughly in a test environment before switching to multiconcurrency in production.

Reduce the number of cold starts

To set minimum number of instances for a function in source code, use the minInstances option.. For example, this function sets a minimum of 5 instances to keep warm:

  const { onCall } = require("firebase-functions/v2/https");

  exports.getAutocompleteResponse = onCall(
    {
      // Keep 5 instances warm for this latency-critical function
      minInstances: 5,
    },
    (event) => {
      // Autocomplete user’s search term
    }
  );

Note: A minimum number of instances kept running incur billing costs at idle rates. A function with v1's default 256MiB memory allocation costs about $3/mo (with gcf_gen_1 CPU allocation and concurrency disabled) or about $8/mo with 1CPU and concurrency enabled. The Firebase CLI provides a cost estimate at deployment time for functions with reserved minimum instances. Refer to Cloud Run Pricing to calculate costs.

Here are some things to consider when setting a value for minInstances:

• If Cloud Functions for Firebase scales your app above your minInstances setting, you'll experience a cold start for each instance above that threshold.
• Cold starts have the most severe effect on apps with spiky traffic. If your app has spiky traffic and you set a minInstances value high enough that cold starts are reduced on each traffic increase, you'll see significantly reduced latency. For apps with constant traffic, cold starts are not likely to severely affect performance.

• Setting minimum instances can make sense for production environments, but should usually be avoided in testing environments. To scale to zero in your test project but still reduce cold starts in your production project, you can set minInstances based on the FIREBASE_CONFIG environment variable:

  // Get Firebase project id from `FIREBASE_CONFIG` environment variable
  const envProjectId = JSON.parse(process.env.FIREBASE_CONFIG).projectId;
  
  exports.renderProfilePage = onRequest(
    {
      // Keep 5 instances warm for this latency-critical function
      // in production only. Default to 0 for test projects.
      minInstances: envProjectId === "my-production-project" ? 5 : 0,
    },
    (req, res) => {
      // render some html
    }
  );
  

Limit the maximum number of instances for a function

To set maximum instances in function source code, use the maxInstances option. For example, this function sets a limit of 100 instances in order to not overwhelm a hypothetical legacy database:

  const { onMessagePublished } = require("firebase-functions/v2/pubsub");

  exports.mirrorevents = onMessagePublished(
    { topic: "topic-name", maxInstances: 100 },
    (event) => {
      // Connect to legacy database
    }
  );

Note: for more control over invocation rates and throttling, consider task queue functions.

If an HTTP function is scaled up to the maxInstances limit, new requests are queued for 30 seconds and then rejected with a response code of 429 Too Many Requests if no instance is available by then.

To learn more about best practices for using maximum instances settings, check out these best practices for using maxInstances.

Set timeout and memory allocation

In some cases, your functions may have special requirements for a long timeout value or a large allocation of memory. You can set these values either in the Google Cloud Console or in the function source code (Firebase only).

To set memory allocation and timeout in functions source code, use the options parameter to customize the virtual machine running your functions. This runtime option accepts a JSON object conforming to the RuntimeOptions interface. For example, this storage function uses 1GiB of memory and times out after 300 seconds:

  exports.convertLargeFile = onObjectFinalized({
    timeoutSeconds: 300,
    memory: "1GiB",
  }, (event) => {
    // Do some complicated things that take a lot of memory and time
  });

The maximum value for timeoutSeconds is 540, or 9 minutes.

To set memory allocation and timeout in the Google Cloud Console:

1. In the Google Google Cloud Console select Cloud Functions from the left menu.
2. Select a function by clicking on its name in the functions list.
3. Click the Edit icon in the top menu.
4. Select a memory allocation from the drop-down menu labeled Memory allocated.
5. Click More to display the advanced options, and enter a number of seconds in the Timeout text box.
6. Click Save to update the function.

Override CPU defaults

Up to 2GB of memory allocated, each function in Cloud Functions for Firebase v2 defaults to one CPU, and then increases to 2 CPU for 4 and 8GB. Note that this is significantly different from v1 default behavior in ways that could lead to slightly higher costs for low-memory functions as expressed in the following table:

RAM allocated	Version 1 default CPU (fractional)	Version 2 default CPU	Price increase per ms
128MB	1/12	1	10.5x
256MB	1/6	1	5.3x
512MB	1/3	1	2.7x
1GB	7/12	1	1.6x
2GB	1	1	1x
4GB	2	2	1x
8GB	2	2	1x
16 GB	n/a	4	n/a

If you prefer to preserve the v1 behavior for your v2 functions, set v1 defaults as a global option:

// Turn off Firebase defaults
setGlobalOptions({ cpu: 'gcfv1' });

For CPU-intensive functions, v2 provides the flexibility to configure additional CPU. You can boost CPU on a per-function basis as shown:

// Boost CPU in a function:
export const analyzeImage = onObjectFinalized({ cpu: 2 }, (event) => {
  // computer vision goes here
});