Cloud Firestore 支持读取和写入数据的原子操作。在一组原子操作中，要么所有操作都成功执行，要么一个都不执行。Cloud Firestore 中有两种类型的原子操作：
利用事务更新数据
使用 Cloud Firestore 客户端库，您可以将多项操作整合到一项事务中。如果您想根据某个字段当前的值或其他字段的值来更新这个字段的值，则事务会很有用。
一项事务可包含任意数量的 get() 操作，后跟任意数量的写入操作（例如 set()、update() 或 delete()）。在出现并发修改的情况下，Cloud Firestore 会再次运行整个事务。例如，如果某项事务读取若干文档，而另一个客户端要修改其中某个文档，则 Cloud Firestore 会重试该事务。此功能可确保事务针对最新且一致的数据运行。
事务绝对不会只执行部分写入操作。所有写入操作都是在事务成功结束时才执行的。
使用事务时请注意：
- 读取操作必须在写入操作之前进行。
- 如果某个修改操作会影响某项事务读取的文档，则同时并发的调用该事务的函数（事务函数）可能会运行多次。
- 事务函数不应该直接修改应用状态。
- 当客户端处于离线状态时，事务将失败。
以下示例展示了如何创建和运行事务：
Web
import { runTransaction } from "firebase/firestore";
try {
await runTransaction(db, async (transaction) => {
const sfDoc = await transaction.get(sfDocRef);
if (!sfDoc.exists()) {
throw "Document does not exist!";
}
const newPopulation = sfDoc.data().population + 1;
transaction.update(sfDocRef, { population: newPopulation });
});
console.log("Transaction successfully committed!");
} catch (e) {
console.log("Transaction failed: ", e);
}
Web
// Create a reference to the SF doc.
var sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").doc("SF");
// Uncomment to initialize the doc.
// sfDocRef.set({ population: 0 });
return db.runTransaction((transaction) => {
// This code may get re-run multiple times if there are conflicts.
return transaction.get(sfDocRef).then((sfDoc) => {
if (!sfDoc.exists) {
throw "Document does not exist!";
}
// Add one person to the city population.
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
var newPopulation = sfDoc.data().population + 1;
transaction.update(sfDocRef, { population: newPopulation });
});
}).then(() => {
console.log("Transaction successfully committed!");
}).catch((error) => {
console.log("Transaction failed: ", error);
});
Swift
注意：此产品不适用于 watchOS 和 App Clip 目标。
let sfReference = db.collection("cities").document("SF")
do {
let _ = try await db.runTransaction({ (transaction, errorPointer) -> Any? in
let sfDocument: DocumentSnapshot
do {
try sfDocument = transaction.getDocument(sfReference)
} catch let fetchError as NSError {
errorPointer?.pointee = fetchError
return nil
}
guard let oldPopulation = sfDocument.data()?["population"] as? Int else {
let error = NSError(
domain: "AppErrorDomain",
code: -1,
userInfo: [
NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Unable to retrieve population from snapshot \(sfDocument)"
]
)
errorPointer?.pointee = error
return nil
}
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
transaction.updateData(["population": oldPopulation + 1], forDocument: sfReference)
return nil
})
print("Transaction successfully committed!")
} catch {
print("Transaction failed: \(error)")
}
Objective-C
注意：此产品不适用于 watchOS 和 App Clip 目标。
FIRDocumentReference *sfReference =
[[self.db collectionWithPath:@"cities"] documentWithPath:@"SF"];
[self.db runTransactionWithBlock:^id (FIRTransaction *transaction, NSError **errorPointer) {
FIRDocumentSnapshot *sfDocument = [transaction getDocument:sfReference error:errorPointer];
if (*errorPointer != nil) { return nil; }
if (![sfDocument.data[@"population"] isKindOfClass:[NSNumber class]]) {
*errorPointer = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"AppErrorDomain" code:-1 userInfo:@{
NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: @"Unable to retreive population from snapshot"
}];
return nil;
}
NSInteger oldPopulation = [sfDocument.data[@"population"] integerValue];
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
[transaction updateData:@{ @"population": @(oldPopulation + 1) } forDocument:sfReference];
return nil;
} completion:^(id result, NSError *error) {
if (error != nil) {
NSLog(@"Transaction failed: %@", error);
} else {
NSLog(@"Transaction successfully committed!");
}
}];
Kotlin+KTX
val sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF")
db.runTransaction { transaction ->
val snapshot = transaction.get(sfDocRef)
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
val newPopulation = snapshot.getDouble("population")!! + 1
transaction.update(sfDocRef, "population", newPopulation)
// Success
null
}.addOnSuccessListener { Log.d(TAG, "Transaction success!") }
.addOnFailureListener { e -> Log.w(TAG, "Transaction failure.", e) }
Java
final DocumentReference sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF");
db.runTransaction(new Transaction.Function<Void>() {
@Override
public Void apply(@NonNull Transaction transaction) throws FirebaseFirestoreException {
DocumentSnapshot snapshot = transaction.get(sfDocRef);
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
double newPopulation = snapshot.getDouble("population") + 1;
transaction.update(sfDocRef, "population", newPopulation);
// Success
return null;
}
}).addOnSuccessListener(new OnSuccessListener<Void>() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(Void aVoid) {
Log.d(TAG, "Transaction success!");
}
})
.addOnFailureListener(new OnFailureListener() {
@Override
public void onFailure(@NonNull Exception e) {
Log.w(TAG, "Transaction failure.", e);
}
});
Dart
final sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").doc("SF");
db.runTransaction((transaction) async {
final snapshot = await transaction.get(sfDocRef);
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
final newPopulation = snapshot.get("population") + 1;
transaction.update(sfDocRef, {"population": newPopulation});
}).then(
(value) => print("DocumentSnapshot successfully updated!"),
onError: (e) => print("Error updating document $e"),
);
Java
Python
Python
C++
DocumentReference sf_doc_ref = db->Collection("cities").Document("SF");
db->RunTransaction([sf_doc_ref](Transaction& transaction,
std::string& out_error_message) -> Error {
Error error = Error::kErrorOk;
DocumentSnapshot snapshot =
transaction.Get(sf_doc_ref, &error, &out_error_message);
// Note: this could be done without a transaction by updating the
// population using FieldValue::Increment().
std::int64_t new_population =
snapshot.Get("population").integer_value() + 1;
transaction.Update(
sf_doc_ref,
{{"population", FieldValue::Integer(new_population)}});
return Error::kErrorOk;
}).OnCompletion([](const Future<void>& future) {
if (future.error() == Error::kErrorOk) {
std::cout << "Transaction success!" << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "Transaction failure: " << future.error_message() << std::endl;
}
});
Node.js
Go
PHP
Unity
DocumentReference cityRef = db.Collection("cities").Document("SF");
db.RunTransactionAsync(transaction =>
{
return transaction.GetSnapshotAsync(cityRef).ContinueWith((snapshotTask) =>
{
DocumentSnapshot snapshot = snapshotTask.Result;
long newPopulation = snapshot.GetValue<long>("Population") + 1;
Dictionary<string, object> updates = new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{ "Population", newPopulation}
};
transaction.Update(cityRef, updates);
});
});
C#
Ruby
将信息传递到事务之外
不要在您的事务函数中修改应用状态。这样做会引入并发问题，因为事务函数可能会运行多次，并且不能保证会在界面线程中运行。因此，您应该将自己需要的信息传递到事务函数之外。以下示例是基于上一个示例构建的，展示了如何将信息传递到事务之外：
Web
import { doc, runTransaction } from "firebase/firestore";
// Create a reference to the SF doc.
const sfDocRef = doc(db, "cities", "SF");
try {
const newPopulation = await runTransaction(db, async (transaction) => {
const sfDoc = await transaction.get(sfDocRef);
if (!sfDoc.exists()) {
throw "Document does not exist!";
}
const newPop = sfDoc.data().population + 1;
if (newPop <= 1000000) {
transaction.update(sfDocRef, { population: newPop });
return newPop;
} else {
return Promise.reject("Sorry! Population is too big");
}
});
console.log("Population increased to ", newPopulation);
} catch (e) {
// This will be a "population is too big" error.
console.error(e);
}
Web
// Create a reference to the SF doc.
var sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").doc("SF");
db.runTransaction((transaction) => {
return transaction.get(sfDocRef).then((sfDoc) => {
if (!sfDoc.exists) {
throw "Document does not exist!";
}
var newPopulation = sfDoc.data().population + 1;
if (newPopulation <= 1000000) {
transaction.update(sfDocRef, { population: newPopulation });
return newPopulation;
} else {
return Promise.reject("Sorry! Population is too big.");
}
});
}).then((newPopulation) => {
console.log("Population increased to ", newPopulation);
}).catch((err) => {
// This will be an "population is too big" error.
console.error(err);
});
Swift
注意：此产品不适用于 watchOS 和 App Clip 目标。
let sfReference = db.collection("cities").document("SF")
do {
let object = try await db.runTransaction({ (transaction, errorPointer) -> Any? in
let sfDocument: DocumentSnapshot
do {
try sfDocument = transaction.getDocument(sfReference)
} catch let fetchError as NSError {
errorPointer?.pointee = fetchError
return nil
}
guard let oldPopulation = sfDocument.data()?["population"] as? Int else {
let error = NSError(
domain: "AppErrorDomain",
code: -1,
userInfo: [
NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Unable to retrieve population from snapshot \(sfDocument)"
]
)
errorPointer?.pointee = error
return nil
}
// Note: this could be done without a transaction
// by updating the population using FieldValue.increment()
let newPopulation = oldPopulation + 1
guard newPopulation <= 1000000 else {
let error = NSError(
domain: "AppErrorDomain",
code: -2,
userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Population \(newPopulation) too big"]
)
errorPointer?.pointee = error
return nil
}
transaction.updateData(["population": newPopulation], forDocument: sfReference)
return newPopulation
})
print("Population increased to \(object!)")
} catch {
print("Error updating population: \(error)")
}
Objective-C
注意：此产品不适用于 watchOS 和 App Clip 目标。
FIRDocumentReference *sfReference =
[[self.db collectionWithPath:@"cities"] documentWithPath:@"SF"];
[self.db runTransactionWithBlock:^id (FIRTransaction *transaction, NSError **errorPointer) {
FIRDocumentSnapshot *sfDocument = [transaction getDocument:sfReference error:errorPointer];
if (*errorPointer != nil) { return nil; }
if (![sfDocument.data[@"population"] isKindOfClass:[NSNumber class]]) {
*errorPointer = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"AppErrorDomain" code:-1 userInfo:@{
NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: @"Unable to retreive population from snapshot"
}];
return nil;
}
NSInteger population = [sfDocument.data[@"population"] integerValue];
population++;
if (population >= 1000000) {
*errorPointer = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"AppErrorDomain" code:-2 userInfo:@{
NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: @"Population too big"
}];
return @(population);
}
[transaction updateData:@{ @"population": @(population) } forDocument:sfReference];
return nil;
} completion:^(id result, NSError *error) {
if (error != nil) {
NSLog(@"Transaction failed: %@", error);
} else {
NSLog(@"Population increased to %@", result);
}
}];
Kotlin+KTX
val sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF")
db.runTransaction { transaction ->
val snapshot = transaction.get(sfDocRef)
val newPopulation = snapshot.getDouble("population")!! + 1
if (newPopulation <= 1000000) {
transaction.update(sfDocRef, "population", newPopulation)
newPopulation
} else {
throw FirebaseFirestoreException(
"Population too high",
FirebaseFirestoreException.Code.ABORTED,
)
}
}.addOnSuccessListener { result ->
Log.d(TAG, "Transaction success: $result")
}.addOnFailureListener { e ->
Log.w(TAG, "Transaction failure.", e)
}
Java
final DocumentReference sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF");
db.runTransaction(new Transaction.Function<Double>() {
@Override
public Double apply(@NonNull Transaction transaction) throws FirebaseFirestoreException {
DocumentSnapshot snapshot = transaction.get(sfDocRef);
double newPopulation = snapshot.getDouble("population") + 1;
if (newPopulation <= 1000000) {
transaction.update(sfDocRef, "population", newPopulation);
return newPopulation;
} else {
throw new FirebaseFirestoreException("Population too high",
FirebaseFirestoreException.Code.ABORTED);
}
}
}).addOnSuccessListener(new OnSuccessListener<Double>() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(Double result) {
Log.d(TAG, "Transaction success: " + result);
}
})
.addOnFailureListener(new OnFailureListener() {
@Override
public void onFailure(@NonNull Exception e) {
Log.w(TAG, "Transaction failure.", e);
}
});
Dart
final sfDocRef = db.collection("cities").doc("SF");
db.runTransaction((transaction) {
return transaction.get(sfDocRef).then((sfDoc) {
final newPopulation = sfDoc.get("population") + 1;
transaction.update(sfDocRef, {"population": newPopulation});
return newPopulation;
});
}).then(
(newPopulation) => print("Population increased to $newPopulation"),
onError: (e) => print("Error updating document $e"),
);
Java
Python
Python
C++
// This is not yet supported.
Node.js
Go
PHP
Unity
DocumentReference cityRef = db.Collection("cities").Document("SF");
db.RunTransactionAsync(transaction =>
{
return transaction.GetSnapshotAsync(cityRef).ContinueWith((task) =>
{
long newPopulation = task.Result.GetValue<long>("Population") + 1;
if (newPopulation <= 1000000)
{
Dictionary<string, object> updates = new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{ "Population", newPopulation}
};
transaction.Update(cityRef, updates);
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
});
}).ContinueWith((transactionResultTask) =>
{
if (transactionResultTask.Result)
{
Console.WriteLine("Population updated successfully.");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Sorry! Population is too big.");
}
});
C#
Ruby
事务失败
事务可能会由于以下原因而失败：
- 事务中包含的读取操作被安排在写入操作之后。读取操作必须始终在写入操作之前进行。
- 事务读取的文档被该事务之外的其他操作修改了。在这种情况下，事务将自动重新运行。系统重试事务的次数是有限的。
事务超过了请求大小上限 (10 MiB)。
事务大小取决于事务修改的文档大小和索引条目大小。对于删除操作，此大小包括目标文档的大小以及为响应操作而删除的索引条目的大小。
失败的事务将返回一个错误，并且不会向数据库中写入任何内容。您不需要回滚事务；Cloud Firestore 会自动执行此操作。
批量写入
如果您不需要在操作集内读取任何文档，可以将多个写入操作作为单个批量操作来执行，该批量操作可包含 set()、update() 或 delete() 操作的任意组合。批量写入是以不可分割的原子操作方式完成的，并可以写入多个文档。以下示例展示了如何构建和提交批量写入操作：
Web
import { writeBatch, doc } from "firebase/firestore";
// Get a new write batch
const batch = writeBatch(db);
// Set the value of 'NYC'
const nycRef = doc(db, "cities", "NYC");
batch.set(nycRef, {name: "New York City"});
// Update the population of 'SF'
const sfRef = doc(db, "cities", "SF");
batch.update(sfRef, {"population": 1000000});
// Delete the city 'LA'
const laRef = doc(db, "cities", "LA");
batch.delete(laRef);
// Commit the batch
await batch.commit();
Web
// Get a new write batch
var batch = db.batch();
// Set the value of 'NYC'
var nycRef = db.collection("cities").doc("NYC");
batch.set(nycRef, {name: "New York City"});
// Update the population of 'SF'
var sfRef = db.collection("cities").doc("SF");
batch.update(sfRef, {"population": 1000000});
// Delete the city 'LA'
var laRef = db.collection("cities").doc("LA");
batch.delete(laRef);
// Commit the batch
batch.commit().then(() => {
// ...
});
Swift
注意：此产品不适用于 watchOS 和 App Clip 目标。
// Get new write batch
let batch = db.batch()
// Set the value of 'NYC'
let nycRef = db.collection("cities").document("NYC")
batch.setData([:], forDocument: nycRef)
// Update the population of 'SF'
let sfRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF")
batch.updateData(["population": 1000000 ], forDocument: sfRef)
// Delete the city 'LA'
let laRef = db.collection("cities").document("LA")
batch.deleteDocument(laRef)
// Commit the batch
do {
try await batch.commit()
print("Batch write succeeded.")
} catch {
print("Error writing batch: \(error)")
}
Objective-C
注意：此产品不适用于 watchOS 和 App Clip 目标。
// Get new write batch
FIRWriteBatch *batch = [self.db batch];
// Set the value of 'NYC'
FIRDocumentReference *nycRef =
[[self.db collectionWithPath:@"cities"] documentWithPath:@"NYC"];
[batch setData:@{} forDocument:nycRef];
// Update the population of 'SF'
FIRDocumentReference *sfRef =
[[self.db collectionWithPath:@"cities"] documentWithPath:@"SF"];
[batch updateData:@{ @"population": @1000000 } forDocument:sfRef];
// Delete the city 'LA'
FIRDocumentReference *laRef =
[[self.db collectionWithPath:@"cities"] documentWithPath:@"LA"];
[batch deleteDocument:laRef];
// Commit the batch
[batch commitWithCompletion:^(NSError * _Nullable error) {
if (error != nil) {
NSLog(@"Error writing batch %@", error);
} else {
NSLog(@"Batch write succeeded.");
}
}];
Kotlin+KTX
val nycRef = db.collection("cities").document("NYC")
val sfRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF")
val laRef = db.collection("cities").document("LA")
// Get a new write batch and commit all write operations
db.runBatch { batch ->
// Set the value of 'NYC'
batch.set(nycRef, City())
// Update the population of 'SF'
batch.update(sfRef, "population", 1000000L)
// Delete the city 'LA'
batch.delete(laRef)
}.addOnCompleteListener {
// ...
}
Java
// Get a new write batch
WriteBatch batch = db.batch();
// Set the value of 'NYC'
DocumentReference nycRef = db.collection("cities").document("NYC");
batch.set(nycRef, new City());
// Update the population of 'SF'
DocumentReference sfRef = db.collection("cities").document("SF");
batch.update(sfRef, "population", 1000000L);
// Delete the city 'LA'
DocumentReference laRef = db.collection("cities").document("LA");
batch.delete(laRef);
// Commit the batch
batch.commit().addOnCompleteListener(new OnCompleteListener<Void>() {
@Override
public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<Void> task) {
// ...
}
});
Dart
// Get a new write batch
final batch = db.batch();
// Set the value of 'NYC'
var nycRef = db.collection("cities").doc("NYC");
batch.set(nycRef, {"name": "New York City"});
// Update the population of 'SF'
var sfRef = db.collection("cities").doc("SF");
batch.update(sfRef, {"population": 1000000});
// Delete the city 'LA'
var laRef = db.collection("cities").doc("LA");
batch.delete(laRef);
// Commit the batch
batch.commit().then((_) {
// ...
});
Java
Python
Python
C++
// Get a new write batch
WriteBatch batch = db->batch();
// Set the value of 'NYC'
DocumentReference nyc_ref = db->Collection("cities").Document("NYC");
batch.Set(nyc_ref, {});
// Update the population of 'SF'
DocumentReference sf_ref = db->Collection("cities").Document("SF");
batch.Update(sf_ref, {{"population", FieldValue::Integer(1000000)}});
// Delete the city 'LA'
DocumentReference la_ref = db->Collection("cities").Document("LA");
batch.Delete(la_ref);
// Commit the batch
batch.Commit().OnCompletion([](const Future<void>& future) {
if (future.error() == Error::kErrorOk) {
std::cout << "Write batch success!" << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "Write batch failure: " << future.error_message() << std::endl;
}
});
Node.js
Go
PHP
Unity
WriteBatch batch = db.StartBatch();
// Set the data for NYC
DocumentReference nycRef = db.Collection("cities").Document("NYC");
Dictionary<string, object> nycData = new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{ "name", "New York City" }
};
batch.Set(nycRef, nycData);
// Update the population for SF
DocumentReference sfRef = db.Collection("cities").Document("SF");
Dictionary<string, object> updates = new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{ "Population", 1000000}
};
batch.Update(sfRef, updates);
// Delete LA
DocumentReference laRef = db.Collection("cities").Document("LA");
batch.Delete(laRef);
// Commit the batch
batch.CommitAsync();
C#
Ruby
每项批量写入最多可以包含 500 个操作，批量写入中的每个操作单独计入您的 Cloud Firestore 使用量。
与事务一样，批量写入是以原子操作方式完成的。与事务不同的是，批量写入不需要确保所读取的文档保持未修改状态，这可减少出现失败的情况。批量写入不受重试的影响，也不受因重试次数过多而导致的失败的影响。即使用户的设备处于离线状态，批量写入也会执行。
对原子操作进行数据验证
对于移动/Web 客户端库，您可以使用 Cloud Firestore 安全规则来验证数据。您可以确保相关文档始终以原子方式更新，并且始终在执行事务或批量写入操作的过程中更新。使用 getAfter() 安全规则函数，您可以访问和验证某个文档在一组操作完成后而 Cloud Firestore 尚未提交这些操作时的状态。
例如，假设 cities 示例的数据库还包含一个 countries 集合。每个 country 文档都使用 last_updated 字段来跟踪与该国家/地区相关的任何城市的最近更新时间。以下安全规则要求在对 city 文档进行更新时，必须也以原子方式更新相关国家/地区的 last_updated 字段：
service cloud.firestore {
match /databases/{database}/documents {
// If you update a city doc, you must also
// update the related country's last_updated field.
match /cities/{city} {
allow write: if request.auth != null &&
getAfter(
/databases/$(database)/documents/countries/$(request.resource.data.country)
).data.last_updated == request.time;
}
match /countries/{country} {
allow write: if request.auth != null;
}
}
}
安全规则限制
在事务或批量写入的安全规则中，除了针对批量操作中每个单一文档操作的常规调用上限（10 次）以外，整个原子操作的文档访问调用次数上限为 20 次。
例如，我们看看某个聊天应用的以下规则：
service cloud.firestore {
match /databases/{db}/documents {
function prefix() {
return /databases/{db}/documents;
}
match /chatroom/{roomId} {
allow read, write: if request.auth != null && roomId in get(/$(prefix())/users/$(request.auth.uid)).data.chats
|| exists(/$(prefix())/admins/$(request.auth.uid));
}
match /users/{userId} {
allow read, write: if request.auth != null && request.auth.uid == userId
|| exists(/$(prefix())/admins/$(request.auth.uid));
}
match /admins/{userId} {
allow read, write: if request.auth != null && exists(/$(prefix())/admins/$(request.auth.uid));
}
}
}
以下代码段展示了几种数据访问模式下的文档访问调用次数：
// 0 document access calls used, because the rules evaluation short-circuits
// before the exists() call is invoked.
db.collection('user').doc('myuid').get(...);
// 1 document access call used. The maximum total allowed for this call
// is 10, because it is a single document request.
db.collection('chatroom').doc('mygroup').get(...);
// Initializing a write batch...
var batch = db.batch();
// 2 document access calls used, 10 allowed.
var group1Ref = db.collection("chatroom").doc("group1");
batch.set(group1Ref, {msg: "Hello, from Admin!"});
// 1 document access call used, 10 allowed.
var newUserRef = db.collection("users").doc("newuser");
batch.update(newUserRef, {"lastSignedIn": new Date()});
// 1 document access call used, 10 allowed.
var removedAdminRef = db.collection("admin").doc("otheruser");
batch.delete(removedAdminRef);
// The batch used a total of 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 document access calls, out of a total
// 20 allowed.
batch.commit();
如需详细了解如何解决由大型写入和批量写入引起的延迟问题、由于事务重叠导致争用而引发的错误，以及其他问题，请参阅问题排查页面。