Firebase Cloud Messaging 提供了两种向多台设备发送消息的方法:
本教程主要介绍如何使用 Admin SDK 或 REST API 从应用服务器发送 FCM 主题消息,并在 Apple 应用中接收和处理此类消息。本页面列出了实现上述目标所需的所有步骤(从设置到验证)。如果您已针对 FCM 设置了 Apple 客户端应用,或已经完成发送第一条消息所需执行的步骤,您可能已经完成了本页面中的一些步骤。
将 Firebase 添加到您的 Apple 项目中
如果您已经为自己的应用启用了其他 Firebase 功能,那么您可能已经完成了本部分将要介绍的一些任务。您需要专门为 FCM 上传您的 APNs 身份验证密钥并注册接收远程通知。
前提条件
安装以下软件:
- Xcode 14.1 或更高版本
确保您的项目满足以下要求:
- 您的项目的目标平台不得低于以下版本:
- iOS 11
- macOS 10.13
- tvOS 12
- watchOS 6
- 您的项目的目标平台不得低于以下版本:
设置一台 Apple 实体设备来运行您的应用,然后完成以下任务:
- 获取您的 Apple 开发者帐号的 Apple 推送通知身份验证密钥。
- 在 XCode 中通过 App(应用)> Capabilities(功能)启用推送通知功能。
- 使用您的 Google 帐号登录 Firebase。
如果您还没有 Xcode 项目,只是想试用某一 Firebase 产品,可以下载一个我们的快速入门示例。
创建 Firebase 项目
您需要先创建一个要关联到您的 Apple 应用的 Firebase 项目,然后才能将 Firebase 添加到该应用。如需详细了解 Firebase 项目,请访问了解 Firebase 项目。
在 Firebase 中注册您的应用
如需在 Apple 应用中使用 Firebase,您需要在 Firebase 项目中注册您的应用。注册应用的过程通常称为将应用“添加”到项目中。
前往 Firebase 控制台。
在项目概览页面的中心位置,点击 iOS+ 图标,启动设置工作流。
如果您已向 Firebase 项目添加了应用,请点击添加应用以显示平台选项。
在软件包 ID 字段中输入应用的软件包 ID。
(可选)输入其他应用信息:应用别名和 App Store ID。
点击注册应用。
添加 Firebase 配置文件
点击下载 GoogleService-Info.plist,获取 Firebase Apple 平台配置文件 (
GoogleService-Info.plist
)。将配置文件移至 Xcode 项目的根目录中。如果出现提示,请选择将配置文件添加到所有目标。
如果您的项目中有多个软件包 ID,必须将每个软件包 ID 与 Firebase 控制台中的注册应用相关联,使每个应用都有自己的 GoogleService-Info.plist
文件。
将 Firebase SDK 添加至您的应用
使用 Swift Package Manager 安装和管理 Firebase 依赖项。
- 在 Xcode 中打开您的应用项目,依次点击 File(文件)> Add Packages(添加软件包)。
- 出现提示时,添加 Firebase Apple 平台 SDK 代码库:
- 选择 Firebase Cloud Messaging 库。
- 为了获得最佳的 Firebase Cloud Messaging 使用体验,我们建议您在 Firebase 项目中启用 Google Analytics(分析),并将 Firebase SDK for Google Analytics 添加到您的应用中。您可以选择不收集 IDFA 的库,也可以选择收集 IDFA 的库。
- 完成之后,Xcode 将会自动开始在后台解析和下载您的依赖项。
https://github.com/firebase/firebase-ios-sdk
上传您的 APNs 身份验证密钥
将您的 APNs 身份验证密钥上传到 Firebase。 如果您还没有 APNs 身份验证密钥,请务必在 Apple Developer Member Center 内创建一个。
-
在 Firebase 控制台中,在您的项目内依次选择齿轮图标 > 项目设置 > Cloud Messaging 标签页。
-
在 iOS 应用配置下的 APNs 身份验证密钥中,点击上传按钮。
-
转到您保存密钥的位置,选择该密钥,然后点击打开。添加该密钥的 ID(可在 Apple Developer Member Center 中找到),然后点击上传。
在您的应用中初始化 Firebase
您需要为应用添加 Firebase 初始化代码。请按如下所示导入 Firebase 模块并配置一个共享实例:
- 在
UIApplicationDelegate
中导入FirebaseCore
模块,以及您的应用委托 (app delegate) 使用的所有其他 Firebase 模块。 例如,如需使用 Cloud Firestore 和 Authentication,请添加以下代码:SwiftUI
import SwiftUI import FirebaseCore import FirebaseFirestore import FirebaseAuth // ...
Swift
import FirebaseCore import FirebaseFirestore import FirebaseAuth // ...
Objective-C
@import FirebaseCore; @import FirebaseFirestore; @import FirebaseAuth; // ...
- 在应用委托的
application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:)
方法中配置一个FirebaseApp
共享实例:SwiftUI
// Use Firebase library to configure APIs FirebaseApp.configure()
Swift
// Use Firebase library to configure APIs FirebaseApp.configure()
Objective-C
// Use Firebase library to configure APIs [FIRApp configure];
- 如果您使用的是 SwiftUI,则必须创建应用委托并通过
UIApplicationDelegateAdaptor
或NSApplicationDelegateAdaptor
将其附加到App
结构体。您还必须停用应用委托调配。如需了解详情,请参阅 SwiftUI 说明。SwiftUI
@main struct YourApp: App { // register app delegate for Firebase setup @UIApplicationDelegateAdaptor(AppDelegate.self) var delegate var body: some Scene { WindowGroup { NavigationView { ContentView() } } } }
注册接收远程通知
可在启动时或在应用流程中期望的时间点注册您的应用,以便接收远程通知。调用registerForRemoteNotifications
,如下所示:
Swift
UNUserNotificationCenter.current().delegate = self let authOptions: UNAuthorizationOptions = [.alert, .badge, .sound] UNUserNotificationCenter.current().requestAuthorization( options: authOptions, completionHandler: { _, _ in } ) application.registerForRemoteNotifications()
Objective-C
[UNUserNotificationCenter currentNotificationCenter].delegate = self; UNAuthorizationOptions authOptions = UNAuthorizationOptionAlert | UNAuthorizationOptionSound | UNAuthorizationOptionBadge; [[UNUserNotificationCenter currentNotificationCenter] requestAuthorizationWithOptions:authOptions completionHandler:^(BOOL granted, NSError * _Nullable error) { // ... }]; [application registerForRemoteNotifications];
为客户端应用订阅主题
客户端应用可以订阅任何现有主题,也可以创建新主题。当客户端应用订阅新的主题名称(您的 Firebase 项目中尚不存在)时,系统会在 FCM 中使用这个名称创建一个新主题,随后任何客户端都可订阅该主题。
如需订阅一个主题,请从应用的主线程中调用订阅方法(FCM 并不保证线程安全性)。 如果初始订阅请求失败,FCM 会自动重试。 对于无法完成订阅的情况,订阅会抛出一个错误,您可以在完成处理程序中捕获该错误,如下所示:
Swift
Messaging.messaging().subscribe(toTopic: "weather") { error in print("Subscribed to weather topic") }
Objective-C
[[FIRMessaging messaging] subscribeToTopic:@"weather" completion:^(NSError * _Nullable error) { NSLog(@"Subscribed to weather topic"); }];
此调用会向 FCM 后端发出一个异步请求,并为该客户端订阅指定主题。在调用 subscribeToTopic:topic
之前,请确保客户端应用实例已通过回调函数 didReceiveRegistrationToken
收到注册令牌。
每次应用启动时,FCM 会确保请求的所有主题都已订阅。如需退订主题,请调用 unsubscribeFromTopic:topic
,FCM 即会在后台中退订相关主题。
接收和处理主题消息
FCM 传送主题消息的方式与传送其他下行消息的方式相同。
按如下所示实现 application(_:didReceiveRemoteNotification:fetchCompletionHandler:)
:
Swift
func application(_ application: UIApplication, didReceiveRemoteNotification userInfo: [AnyHashable: Any]) async -> UIBackgroundFetchResult { // If you are receiving a notification message while your app is in the background, // this callback will not be fired till the user taps on the notification launching the application. // TODO: Handle data of notification // With swizzling disabled you must let Messaging know about the message, for Analytics // Messaging.messaging().appDidReceiveMessage(userInfo) // Print message ID. if let messageID = userInfo[gcmMessageIDKey] { print("Message ID: \(messageID)") } // Print full message. print(userInfo) return UIBackgroundFetchResult.newData }
Objective-C
- (void)application:(UIApplication *)application didReceiveRemoteNotification:(NSDictionary *)userInfo fetchCompletionHandler:(void (^)(UIBackgroundFetchResult))completionHandler { // If you are receiving a notification message while your app is in the background, // this callback will not be fired till the user taps on the notification launching the application. // TODO: Handle data of notification // With swizzling disabled you must let Messaging know about the message, for Analytics // [[FIRMessaging messaging] appDidReceiveMessage:userInfo]; // ... // Print full message. NSLog(@"%@", userInfo); completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResultNewData); }
构建发送请求
创建主题后,您可以通过两种方法向主题发送消息:一种是在客户端为客户端应用实例订阅该主题,另一种是使用服务器 API。如果您是首次构建 FCM 发送请求,请参阅关于您的服务器环境和 FCM 的指南,了解重要的背景信息和设置信息。
在后端的发送逻辑中,按如下所述的方式指定所需的主题名称:
Node.js
// The topic name can be optionally prefixed with "/topics/".
const topic = 'highScores';
const message = {
data: {
score: '850',
time: '2:45'
},
topic: topic
};
// Send a message to devices subscribed to the provided topic.
getMessaging().send(message)
.then((response) => {
// Response is a message ID string.
console.log('Successfully sent message:', response);
})
.catch((error) => {
console.log('Error sending message:', error);
});
Java
// The topic name can be optionally prefixed with "/topics/".
String topic = "highScores";
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
Message message = Message.builder()
.putData("score", "850")
.putData("time", "2:45")
.setTopic(topic)
.build();
// Send a message to the devices subscribed to the provided topic.
String response = FirebaseMessaging.getInstance().send(message);
// Response is a message ID string.
System.out.println("Successfully sent message: " + response);
Python
# The topic name can be optionally prefixed with "/topics/".
topic = 'highScores'
# See documentation on defining a message payload.
message = messaging.Message(
data={
'score': '850',
'time': '2:45',
},
topic=topic,
)
# Send a message to the devices subscribed to the provided topic.
response = messaging.send(message)
# Response is a message ID string.
print('Successfully sent message:', response)
Go
// The topic name can be optionally prefixed with "/topics/".
topic := "highScores"
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
message := &messaging.Message{
Data: map[string]string{
"score": "850",
"time": "2:45",
},
Topic: topic,
}
// Send a message to the devices subscribed to the provided topic.
response, err := client.Send(ctx, message)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
// Response is a message ID string.
fmt.Println("Successfully sent message:", response)
C#
// The topic name can be optionally prefixed with "/topics/".
var topic = "highScores";
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
var message = new Message()
{
Data = new Dictionary<string, string>()
{
{ "score", "850" },
{ "time", "2:45" },
},
Topic = topic,
};
// Send a message to the devices subscribed to the provided topic.
string response = await FirebaseMessaging.DefaultInstance.SendAsync(message);
// Response is a message ID string.
Console.WriteLine("Successfully sent message: " + response);
REST
POST https://fcm.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject-b5ae1/messages:send HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer ya29.ElqKBGN2Ri_Uz...HnS_uNreA
{
"message":{
"topic" : "foo-bar",
"notification" : {
"body" : "This is a Firebase Cloud Messaging Topic Message!",
"title" : "FCM Message"
}
}
}
cURL 命令:
curl -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer ya29.ElqKBGN2Ri_Uz...HnS_uNreA" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
"message": {
"topic" : "foo-bar",
"notification": {
"body": "This is a Firebase Cloud Messaging Topic Message!",
"title": "FCM Message"
}
}
}' https://fcm.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject-b5ae1/messages:send HTTP/1.1
如需向主题组合发送消息,请指定一个条件,该条件是一个指定目标主题的布尔表达式。例如,如需向既订阅了 TopicA
,又订阅了 TopicB
或 TopicC
的设备发送消息,请设置如下条件:
"'TopicA' in topics && ('TopicB' in topics || 'TopicC' in topics)"
FCM 首先对括号中的所有条件求值,然后从左至右对表达式求值。在上述表达式中,只订阅了其中某个主题的用户将不会接收到消息。同样地,未订阅 TopicA
的用户也不会接收到消息。订阅下列组合的用户才会接收到消息:
TopicA
和TopicB
TopicA
和TopicC
您最多可以在条件表达式中包含五个主题。
根据条件发送消息:
Node.js
// Define a condition which will send to devices which are subscribed
// to either the Google stock or the tech industry topics.
const condition = '\'stock-GOOG\' in topics || \'industry-tech\' in topics';
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
const message = {
notification: {
title: '$FooCorp up 1.43% on the day',
body: '$FooCorp gained 11.80 points to close at 835.67, up 1.43% on the day.'
},
condition: condition
};
// Send a message to devices subscribed to the combination of topics
// specified by the provided condition.
getMessaging().send(message)
.then((response) => {
// Response is a message ID string.
console.log('Successfully sent message:', response);
})
.catch((error) => {
console.log('Error sending message:', error);
});
Java
// Define a condition which will send to devices which are subscribed
// to either the Google stock or the tech industry topics.
String condition = "'stock-GOOG' in topics || 'industry-tech' in topics";
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
Message message = Message.builder()
.setNotification(Notification.builder()
.setTitle("$GOOG up 1.43% on the day")
.setBody("$GOOG gained 11.80 points to close at 835.67, up 1.43% on the day.")
.build())
.setCondition(condition)
.build();
// Send a message to devices subscribed to the combination of topics
// specified by the provided condition.
String response = FirebaseMessaging.getInstance().send(message);
// Response is a message ID string.
System.out.println("Successfully sent message: " + response);
Python
# Define a condition which will send to devices which are subscribed
# to either the Google stock or the tech industry topics.
condition = "'stock-GOOG' in topics || 'industry-tech' in topics"
# See documentation on defining a message payload.
message = messaging.Message(
notification=messaging.Notification(
title='$GOOG up 1.43% on the day',
body='$GOOG gained 11.80 points to close at 835.67, up 1.43% on the day.',
),
condition=condition,
)
# Send a message to devices subscribed to the combination of topics
# specified by the provided condition.
response = messaging.send(message)
# Response is a message ID string.
print('Successfully sent message:', response)
Go
// Define a condition which will send to devices which are subscribed
// to either the Google stock or the tech industry topics.
condition := "'stock-GOOG' in topics || 'industry-tech' in topics"
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
message := &messaging.Message{
Data: map[string]string{
"score": "850",
"time": "2:45",
},
Condition: condition,
}
// Send a message to devices subscribed to the combination of topics
// specified by the provided condition.
response, err := client.Send(ctx, message)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
// Response is a message ID string.
fmt.Println("Successfully sent message:", response)
C#
// Define a condition which will send to devices which are subscribed
// to either the Google stock or the tech industry topics.
var condition = "'stock-GOOG' in topics || 'industry-tech' in topics";
// See documentation on defining a message payload.
var message = new Message()
{
Notification = new Notification()
{
Title = "$GOOG up 1.43% on the day",
Body = "$GOOG gained 11.80 points to close at 835.67, up 1.43% on the day.",
},
Condition = condition,
};
// Send a message to devices subscribed to the combination of topics
// specified by the provided condition.
string response = await FirebaseMessaging.DefaultInstance.SendAsync(message);
// Response is a message ID string.
Console.WriteLine("Successfully sent message: " + response);
REST
POST https://fcm.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject-b5ae1/messages:send HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer ya29.ElqKBGN2Ri_Uz...HnS_uNreA
{
"message":{
"condition": "'dogs' in topics || 'cats' in topics",
"notification" : {
"body" : "This is a Firebase Cloud Messaging Topic Message!",
"title" : "FCM Message",
}
}
}
cURL 命令:
curl -X POST -H "Authorization: Bearer ya29.ElqKBGN2Ri_Uz...HnS_uNreA" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{
"notification": {
"title": "FCM Message",
"body": "This is a Firebase Cloud Messaging Topic Message!",
},
"condition": "'dogs' in topics || 'cats' in topics"
}' https://fcm.googleapis.com/v1/projects/myproject-b5ae1/messages:send HTTP/1.1
后续步骤
- 您可以使用服务器为客户端应用实例订阅主题并执行其他管理任务。请参阅在服务器上管理主题订阅。
- 详细了解向多台设备发送消息的另一种方式 - 设备组消息传递